@article {8805,
	title = {Nest excavation does not reduce harmful effects of ectoparasitism: an experiment with a woodpecker, the northern flicker Colaptes auratus},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {March},
	pages = {166-172},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {It has been hypothesized that it is adaptive for birds to build new nests annually in order to avoid the accumulation of ectoparasites. Previous studies on costs of ectoparasitism have focused on cavity nesters in nestboxes while largely ignoring reproductive consequences in natural tree cavity nests, the context where nest selection strategies presumably evolved. To see whether ectoparasitism could be a driving selective force in the evolution of nest excavation in a woodpecker, I experimentally fumigated a subset of freshly excavated cavities and a subset of reused cavities of the northern flicker Colaptes auratus and compared reproductive performance with a set of control nests. The main ectoparasite of nestlings, a blood-sucking fly Carnus hemapterus, may have appeared one or two days earlier in reused nests but there was no difference between fresh and reused nests in intensities of flies one week post-hatching. Prevalence of parasitism reached 100\% in both reused and freshly-excavated control nests in the second week. Nestlings from control nests had lower body mass residuals than those from fumigated nests after 15 d and fledged at a lower weight, suggesting that ectoparasitism by C. hemapterus was costly. However, fresh nest construction was no benefit, likely because the high dispersal ability of the ectoparasite meant all nests were colonized rapidly. Parents did not adjust provisioning effort according to parasitism as delivery rates did not differ between control and fumigated nests but delivery rates increased with brood size.},
	keywords = {British Columbia, Canada, Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, on Colaptes auratus},
	isbn = {0908-8857},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14508048374 },
	author = {Wiebe, Karen L.}
}
@article {1214,
	title = {Infestations of Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch (Diptera: Carnidae) in Northern Saw-whet Owl nests},
	journal = {The Murrelet},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {83-84},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, hosts, Nearctis},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Canning\%20RJ_1986_83_Saw-Whet-Owl.pdf},
	author = {Cannings, R. J.}
}
@article {1215,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus an avian nest parasite new to British Columbia},
	journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia},
	volume = {83},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {38},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, distribution, Nearctis},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Canning\%20RJ_1986_BritishColumbia.pdf},
	author = {Cannings, R. J.}
}
@article {1293,
	title = {A new species of Mallochiella (Diptera: Milichiidae)},
	journal = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1927},
	pages = {49-50},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, halteralis, latipes, Leptometopa, mallochi, Milichiidae, Nearctis, Ontario, orillia, species description},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Curran_1927.pdf},
	author = {Curran, C. H.}
}
@article {1401,
	title = {Faunal inventory of Brachycera (Diptera) in an old growth forest at Mont Saint-Hilarie, Quebec},
	journal = {Fabreries},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1-15},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Milichiidae, Nearctic, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia},
	author = {Fast, E. and Wheeler, T. A.}
}
@article {1449,
	title = {An annotated list of arthropods collected from ring-billed gull nests on Granite Island, Black Bay, Lake Superior, 1972 and 1973},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario},
	volume = {104(1973)},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {38-46},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Leptometopa, Nearctis, nidicolous, Ontario, rufifrons},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Freitag\&Ryder_1974.pdf},
	author = {Freitag, R. and Ryder, J. P.}
}
@article {1655,
	title = {Some additions to the Dipteran fauna of New England},
	journal = {Psyche, a journal of Entomology},
	volume = {Dec. 1910},
	year = {1910},
	pages = {228-235},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Eusiphona, Milichiidae, mira, Nearctis, New England},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Johnson\%20CW_1910_228_N\%20England.pdf},
	author = {Johnson, C. W.}
}
@article {2345,
	title = {A preliminary list of the insects of the province of Quebec - Part II, Diptera (two-winged flies). Revised and supplemented},
	journal = {Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants},
	volume = {24(Supplem},
	year = {1932},
	pages = { 100pp},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Canada, Desmometopa, glabra, halteralis, indecora, latipes, Leptometopa, m-nigrum, Madiza, Milichiidae, Nearctic, Pholeomyia, sordida, tarsalis},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Winn\%20\&\%20Beaulieu_1932.pdf},
	author = {Winn, A. F. and Beaulieu, G.}
}
