@article {2653,
	title = {Possible functions of alternative nests in raptors: the case of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {253-259},
	abstract = {Four non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the alternative nest-building behaviour of raptors: (1) nests as an advertising signal in territories, (2) frustration nests, (3) competition avoidance by nest-site and (4) reduction of nest ectoparasites. We report here data collected during an observational study of a population of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in southeastern Spain. Our data does not support the first two hypotheses based on the closeness of nests within territories, the lack of correlation between the number of nests and the distance to neighbours and the construction of secondary nests at similar frequencies after breeding failures as after successes. In contrast, the construction of alternative nests to avoid competition with other cliff-nesting raptor species breeding nearby was clearly important since 30\% of the pairs obtained some direct benefit from the existence of alternative nests within their territories. We also found abundant Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Diptera (Carnidae, Calliphoridae and Phoridae) as ectoparasites in nests, and the alternative use of nests, synergetically with the presence of greenery as mechanisms for avoiding ectoparasites, was an important factor for the breeding success of the eagle. Our data suggest that competition avoidance and, in particular, the reduction of nest ectoparasite hypotheses are the more plausible explanations for the maintenance of alternative nests in raptors.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-007-0268-4},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254237400014 },
	author = {Ontiveros, D. and Caro, J. and Pleguezuelos, J. M.}
}
@article {2654,
	title = {Spots in starling Sturnus unicolor eggs are good indicators of ectoparasite load by Carnus hemapterus (Diptera : Carnidae)},
	journal = {Ardeola},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131-134},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000251201500013 },
	author = {Lopez-Rull, I. and Gil, M. and Gil, D.}
}
@inbook {1130,
	title = {Family Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {278},
	publisher = {KNNV Uitgeverij},
	organization = {KNNV Uitgeverij},
	type = {book section},
	address = {Utrecht},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, catalog, lacteipennis, Meoneura, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura vagans, Netherlands, obscurella},
	author = {Beuk, P. L. T.}
}
@inbook {1163,
	title = {Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands},
	series = {Studia dipterologica, Supplement },
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {book section
},
	pages = {138},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, catalog, Germany, lacteipennis, lamellata, Meoneura, Meoneura bicuspidata, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, neglecta, obscurella},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Brake_1999_138_Carnidae.pdf},
	author = {Brake, I.},
	editor = {Schumann, H. and B{\"a}hrmann, R. and Stark, A.}
}
@article {1203,
	title = {Enigmocarnus chloropiformis gen. et sp. nov., and parallel evolution of protandrial symmetry in Carnidae (Diptera)},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {January},
	pages = {9-18},
	abstract = {Enigmocarnus chloropiformis Buck gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of a single male from east central Texas. The phylogeny of Carnidae is analyzed based on a matrix of 25 morphological characters, and a key to the World genera of Carnidae is presented. The new genus is characterized by a reduced head chaetotaxy (bristles short and mostly pale), notable gray pruinosity of the body, and a unique configuration of pregenital sclerites (the protandrium), which precludes placement of this species in any previously described genus of Carnidae. Enigmocarnus possesses a nearly symmetrical protandrium like Carnus and Meoneura, but the position of sternite 7 indicates that symmetry evolved independently and on a different path. The protandrial peculiarities exhibited by Enigmocarnus are discussed in the framework of Carnoidea relationships.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, chloropiformis, Enigmocarnus, genus description, male terminalia, Meoneura, morphology, phylogenetic systematic, species description, Texas, United States},
	isbn = {0013-8746},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14303019722 },
	author = {Buck, M. and Marshall, Stephen A.}
}
@inbook {1246,
	title = {Carnidae},
	booktitle = {A preliminary list of the Diptera of Denmark},
	series = {Steenstrupia},
	number = {26},
	year = {2001},
	note = {article
},
	pages = {188-189},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Denmark, lacteipennis, lamellata, Meoneura, Meoneura exigua, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura prima, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, minutissima, neglecta, obscurella},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Chandler\%20et\%20al_2001_188_Carnidae.pdf},
	author = {Chandler, P. J. and Petersen, F. T. and Papp, L.},
	editor = {Petersen, F. T. and Meier, R.}
}
@article {1312,
	title = {Diptera: Carnidae present in the Entomological Museum of Lund University},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Finland, island, lacteipennis, lamellata, Meoneura, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura neottiophila, museum, neglecta, Norway, obscurella, Sweden},
	url = {http://130.235.149.99/pdf/Carnidae.pdf},
	author = {Danielsson, R.}
}
@article {1398,
	title = {Nestbox provisioning in a rural population of Eurasian Kestrels: breeding performance, nest predation and parasitism},
	journal = {Bird Study},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {236-244},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {Carnus hemapterus on Falco tinnunculus in Spain
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Spain},
	author = {Fargallo, J. A. and Blanco, G. and Potti, J. and Vinuela, J.}
}
@article {1541,
	title = {Ektoparasitter p{\r a} skarvunger i Danmark med f{\o}rste fund af fluen <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae, Diptera) [Ectoparasites on cormorant chicks in Denmark with first finding of the carnid fly <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae; Diptera)]},
	journal = {Flora og Fauna},
	volume = {113},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Ektoparasitter pa skarvunger i Danmark med forste fund af fluen Carnus hemapterus (Carnidae, Diptera).
},
	month = {Juli},
	pages = {31-35},
	abstract = {During the period May 8 - June 14. 2003, a total of 591 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) chicks from eight different Danish colony sites were searched for ectoparasites. recording ectoparasite species and numbers along with nest position, brood size. individual chick condition and an estimate of chick age based on wing length. The parasites most frequently found were two species of chewing lice (Pectinopygus gyricornis and Eidmanniella pellucida), followed by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus and a few Ixodes ticks. Chewing lice occurred on 76.3\% of the chicks and were more common on older than younger chicks, whereas C. hemapterus most frequently occurred on younger chicks with no or sparse growth of down and feathers. C. hemapterus was found in two of the eight colonies and although it appears to he widespread, it is still uncovered in many areas and little is known about its ecology and dispersive behavio
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Denmark},
	isbn = {0015-3818},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14401003091 },
	author = {Hansen, Helle Juul}
}
@article {1558,
	title = {Parasitisierung nestjunger Turmfalken Falco t. tinnunculus durch die Gefiederfliege Carnus hemapterus (Insecta: Milichiidae, Diptera)},
	journal = {Die Vogelwelt},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {201-205},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	author = {Heddergott, M.}
}
@inbook {1559,
	title = {Erg{\"a}nzung zur Checkliste der Diptera Acalyptratae Th{\"u}ringens: Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Check-Listen Th{\"u}ringer Insekten und Spinnentiere},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {77-78},
	publisher = {Th{\"u}ringer Entomologenverband},
	organization = {Th{\"u}ringer Entomologenverband},
	type = {chapter},
	address = {Jena},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Germany},
	author = {Heddergott, M.}
}
@article {1640,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch (Diptera, Carnidae) found from the external auditory meatus of human, new to Japan},
	journal = {Medical entomology and zoology},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {265-268},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, images, Japan, species description},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Iwasa\%20M_2000.pdf},
	author = {Iwasa, M.}
}
@article {1646,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus (Diptera, Carnidae) and its occurence [occurrence] in Slovakia},
	journal = {Entomofauna Carpathica},
	volume = {17},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {84-85},
	abstract = {The paper deals with an occurrence and identification of the fly Carpus hemapterus (Diptera, Carnidae), recorded in nests of Sturnus vulgaris. The adults were collected from two sites situated in western Slovakia. Males were identified according to the ratio between width and length of the surstylus and paramere, females according to the shape of the sixth abdominal sternum.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Slovak Republic},
	isbn = {1335-1214},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14303016287 },
	author = {Jano{\v s}kov{\'a} V and Jamriska, Jan and Orszaghova, Zlatica}
}
@article {1704,
	title = {Flies (Diptera) inhabiting bird nests in the "Forest on the Vorskla River" nature reserve (Belgorod Province)},
	journal = {{\'E}ntomologicheskoe obozrenie},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {383-397},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, equitans, glabra, latipes, Leptometopa, Madiza, Milichiidae, Phyllomyza, Russia},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Krivokhatskii\%20\&\%20Nartshuk_2001.pdf},
	author = {Krivokhatskii, V. A. and Nartshuk, E. P.}
}
@article {1720,
	title = {Ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus influences the mass growth rate of nestlings of European Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)},
	journal = {Buteo, Supplement},
	volume = {1999},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {29},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	author = {Lacinia, D.}
}
@article {1736,
	title = {Distribution of Carnus hemapterus in a starling colony},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {574-580},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Hungary},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Liker\%20et\%20al_2001.pdf},
	author = {Liker, A. and M{\'a}rkus, M. and Voz{\'a}r, {\'A} and Zemankovics, E.}
}
@article {1758,
	title = {A new Carnus from Malaya (Diptera: Milichiidae)},
	journal = {Pacific Insects},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {33-36, 11 figs},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Asia, Carnidae, Carnus, Malaysia, orientalis, species description},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Maa_1968.pdf},
	author = {Maa, T. C.}
}
@article {1783,
	title = {Relative importance of factors affecting nestling immune response differs between junior and senior nestlings within broods of hoopoes Upupa epops},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	month = {September},
	pages = {467-476},
	abstract = {Animals should invest in the immune system to protect themselves from parasites, but the cost of immune responses may limit investment depending on resource availability. In birds\&$\#$39; broods, senior and junior chicks in size hierarchies face different rearing conditions, and thus we predicted that factors affecting immune response should differ between them. In asynchronously hatched hoopoe Upupa epops broods, we found that the immune response of senior nestlings was not related to their body condition, but positively related to risk of parasitism (which was indirectly estimated by laying date). This suggests that their immunocompetence is not limited by access to resources, and they can differentially invest in immune response with increasing risk of parasitism. On the other hand, immune response of junior nestlings was related to their body condition, but secondarily also to risk of parasitism. Our results agree with previous studies that have found significant influence of nutritional status and risk of parasitism on nestlings immune defence, but show that the effects of these environmental factors on nestling immunocompetence differ between nestlings occupying high and low rank positions in size hierarchies. The possible influence of maternal effects on the results found is also discussed.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Spain},
	isbn = {0908-8857},
	author = {Martin-Vivaldi, Manuel and Ruiz-Rodriguez, Magdalena and Mendez, Maria and Juan J. Soler}
}
@article {1930,
	title = {Ecological factors influencing disease risk in eagle owls Bubo bubo},
	journal = {Ibis},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {386-395},
	abstract = {In this study we assessed whether local habitat features and host population density influenced disease risk in Eagle Owl Bubo bubo fledglings. Measures of immune defence (concentrations of circulating white blood cells), prevalence of three parasite types (a blood parasite Leucocytozoon ziemanni, an insect Carnus haemapterus, and a tick Rhipicephalus sp.) and total number of parasite species were used to quantify disease risk. We tested the hypotheses that disease risk in fledglings was higher in nests located in areas with higher length of and proximity to watercourses (as a higher abundance and viability of parasites and vectors occur in wetter areas), higher cover of forest (as forest moistness and humidity can favour higher vector and parasite proliferation), higher habitat diversity (as environmental heterogeneity increases the pool of potential vectors and parasites) and higher local owl population density (as disease transmission might be density-dependent). The clearest relationship was with the proximity of freshwater, although the other hypotheses were also partially supported. Concentrations of white blood cells, the number of parasite species and, weakly, the prevalence of Carnus haemapterus were all higher in nests closer to watercourses. The prevalence of blood parasites increased with the cover of forested areas. Fledglings from nests located in more diverse habitats had higher white blood cell concentrations and showed higher prevalence of blood parasites. Finally, local host population density was positively correlated with the prevalence of blood parasites. The results suggest the existence of complex and interrelated links between ecological parameters and three different measures of disease risk, and highlight the importance of immunological approaches to assess disease risk at an intraspecific level.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14307044821 },
	author = {Ortego, Joaquon and Espada, Francisco}
}
@article {1950,
	title = {72. csal{\'a}d: Milichiidae + Carnidae},
	journal = {Fauna Hungariae},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1978},
	note = {For a German translation of the key to Meoneura species see http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Papp_1978_Meo_key.pdf},
	pages = {9-50},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {acyglossa, Aldrichiomyza, alpina, anceps, argyrogaster, beckeri, britannica, Carnidae, Carnus, carpathica, Desmometopa, donisthorpei, elongella, equitans, Europe, flavitarsis, formicae, Hemeromyia anthracina, images, Meoneura acuticerca, Meoneura bicuspidata, Meoneura exigua, Meoneura flavifacies},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Papp_1978_9.pdf},
	author = {Papp, L.}
}
@inbook {1958,
	title = {Family Milichiidae + Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Clusiidae - Chloropidae},
	series = {Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera},
	number = {10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {110-123},
	type = {chapter},
	keywords = {afghanica, albomaculata, Aldrichiomyza, algerica, alpina, anceps, argentiventris, asiatica, bimaculata, britannica, broersei, Carnidae, Carnus, carpathica, catalog, compacta, coquilletti, Hemeromyia anthracina, Meoneura acuticerca, Meoneura atoma, Meoneura bicuspidata, Milichiidae, Palaearctis},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Papp_1984_110.pdf},
	author = {Papp, L.},
	editor = {So{\'o}s, {\'A} and Papp, L.}
}
@article {1993,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, 1818 (Diptera: Carnidae) parasite on Merops apiaster L. (Aves: Meropidae) in southern Romania},
	journal = {Travaux du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteright}histoire naturelle {\textquoteright}Gr. Antipa{\textquoteright}},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {221-224},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {Carnus hemapterus on Merops apiaster in Romania
},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Romania},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Petrescu\%20\&\%20Adam_2000.pdf},
	author = {Petrescu, A. and Adam, C.}
}
@article {1994,
	title = {Interspecific relations in the populations of Merops apiaster L. (Aves: Coraciiformes) of southern Romania},
	journal = {Travaux du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteright}histoire naturelle {\textquoteright}Gr. Antipa{\textquoteright}},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {305-322},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Romania},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Petrescu\%20\&\%20Adam_2001.pdf},
	author = {Petrescu, A. and Adam, C.}
}
@article {2057,
	title = {Cycle de reproduction et abondance du dipt{\`e}re parasite Carnus hemapterus dans les nich{\'e}e de Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {265-272},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1998.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2058,
	title = {F{\'e}condit{\'e} de la mouche Carnus hemapterus, ectoparasite des jeunes Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {205-212},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1999.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2059,
	title = {Which chick is tasty to parasites? The importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Carnus hemapterus (3 diff. spellings) on Tyto alba and Falco tinnunculus in Switzerland
},
	pages = {75-81},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Brinkhof, M. W. G. and Bize, P. and Richner, H. and Jungi, T. W. and Bavoux, C. and Boileau, N. and Burneleau, G.}
}
@article {2060,
	title = {Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {703-718},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the role of origin-related, environmental, sex, and age factors on host defence mechanisms is important to understand variation in parasite intensity. Because alternative components of parasite defence may be differently sensitive to various factors, they may not necessarily covary. Many components should therefore be considered to tackle the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In a population of barn owls (Tyto alba), we investigated the role of origin-related, environmental (i.e. year, season, nest of rearing, and body condition), sex, and age factors on 12 traits linked to immune responses (humoral immune responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC), human serum albumin (HSA) and toxoid toxin TT, T-cell mediated immune response towards the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA)), susceptibility to ectoparasites (number and fecundity of Carnus haemapterus, number of Ixodes ricinus), and disease symptoms (size of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, proportion of proteins that are immunoglobulins, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Cross-fostering experiments allowed us to detect a heritable component of variation in only four out of nine immune and parasitic parameters (i.e. SRBC- and HSA-responses, haematocrit, and number of C. haemapterus). However, because nestlings were not always cross-fostered just after hatching, the finding that 44\% of the immune and parasitic parameters were heritable is probably an overestimation. These experiments also showed that five out of these nine parameters were sensitive to the nest environment (i.e. SRBC- and PHA-responses, number of C. haemapterus, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Female nestlings were more infested by the blood-sucking fly C. haemapterus than their male nestmates, and their blood was less concentrated in leucocytes. The effect of year, season, age (i.e. reflecting the degree of maturation of the immune system), brood size, position in the within-brood age hierarchy, and body mass strongly differed between the 12 parameters. Different components of host defence mechanisms are therefore not equally heritable and sensitive to environmental, sex, and age factors, potentially explaining why most of these components did not covary.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Christe, Philippe and Dijkstra, Cor and Ducrest, Anne-Lyse and Jungi, Thomas W.}
}
@article {2061,
	title = {Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {103-110},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Riols, C. and Dijkstra, C. and Ducrest, A. L.}
}
@article {2282,
	title = {Prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) - how frequent is it in parasites},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	month = {August},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Prolonged diapause is usually interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable environmental conditions and resource availability. Many parasites usually face highly unpredictable environments, therefore prolonged diapause should be common among these organisms. Here we examine the occurrence and frequency of prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). We found that the studied population is polymorphic with respect to diapause duration. Emergence of carnid flies after 2 and 3 wintering seasons was therefore detected in around 17\% and 21\% of the samples respectively. The number of flies with prolonged diapause ranked 0.88-50\% with respect to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. Both the occurrence of prolonged diapause and the number of flies with a long life-cycle are related to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. The emergence pattern of flies with prolonged diapause was very similar to that observed for flies with a short cycle and occurred in synchrony with the occurrence of hosts. Prolonged diapause has been frequently reported in plant-feeding insects and in some host-parasitoid systems, but this is, to our knowledge, the second report ever on prolonged diapause in true parasites of animals. We discuss the reasons for the apparent rarity of prolonged diapause among these organisms.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Spain},
	isbn = {0031-1820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14211069128 },
	author = {Valera, F. and Casas-Criville, A. and Calero-Torralbo, M. A.}
}
@article {2283,
	title = {Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Carnus hemapterus on Merops apiaster and Petronia petronia
},
	pages = {245-250},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	author = {Valera, F. and Casas-Criville, A. and Hoi, H.}
}
@article {2284,
	title = {Life-history variation in three coexisting species of carnid flies (Diptera: Carnidae), Carnus hemapterus, Hemeromyia anthracina and Hemeromyia longirostris},
	journal = {European Journal of Entomology},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {347-353},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Hemeromyia, Hemeromyia anthracina, Hemeromyia longirostris, Spain},
	author = {Valera, F. and Mart{\'\i}n-Vivaldi, M. and Carles-Tolr{\'a}, M.}
}
@article {2318,
	title = {Correlates of cell-mediated immunity in nestling house sparrows},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {141},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {17-23},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	author = {Westneat, D. F. and Weiskittle, J. and Edenfield, R. and Kinnard, T. B. and Poston, J. P.}
}
