@book {9157,
	title = {The Diptera families of British Columbia},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {British Columbia, Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Desmometopa, Eusiphona mira, Leptometopa, Madiza, Meoneura, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura triangularis, Milichiella, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza, Paramyia, Pholeomyia, Phyllomyza},
	url = {http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/FIA/2006/FSP_Y062001b.pdf},
	author = {Scudder, G. G. E. and Cannings, R. A.}
}
@article {8817,
	title = {The first record of Carnus hemapterus (Diptera, Carnidae) on nestlings of the tree sparrow (Passer montanus)},
	journal = {Entomofauna Carpathica},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Slovak Republic},
	isbn = {1335-1214},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410062611 },
	author = {Jano{\v s}kov{\'a} V and Sobekova, Karolina}
}
@article {8812,
	title = {Pre-hatching maternal effects and the tasty chick hypothesis},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {463-473},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Question: Are maternal effects (i.e. maternal transfer of immune components to their offspring via the placenta or the egg) specifically directed to the offspring on which ectoparasites predictably aggregate? Organisms: The barn owl (Tyto alba) because late-hatched offspring are the main target of the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus. Hypothesis: Pre-hatching maternal effects enhance parasite resistance of late- compared with early-hatched nestlings. Search method: To disentangle the effect of natal from rearing ranks on parasite intensity, we exchanged hatchlings between nests to allocate early- and late-hatched hatchlings randomly in the within-brood age hierarchy. Result: After controlling for rearing ranks, cross-fostered late-hatched nestlings were less parasitized but lighter than cross-fostered early-hatched nestlings. Conclusion: Pre-hatching maternal effects increase parasite resistance of late-hatched offspring at a growth cost.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, on Tyto alba},
	isbn = {1522-0613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410057877 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Gasparini, Julien and Froissart, Lucie}
}
@article {3599,
	title = {Ectoparasite load is linked to ontogeny and cell-mediated immunity in an avian host system with pronounced hatching asynchrony},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {94},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {July},
	pages = {463-473},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Several contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to account for host age-biased parasite distribution, with some of them suggesting a key role of ectoparasites in the evolution and maintenance of weight hierarchies within broods. We examined parasite distribution among individual hosts across the whole period of host exposure to the parasite in a host system that shows distinct within-brood differences in age and age-related mortality. By contrast to previous hypotheses, we found that the abundance of a haematophagous, mobile ectoparasite Carnus haemapterus on nestling European rollers (Coracias garrulus) was highest approximately during the mid-nestling stage of their host, coinciding with the inflection point of the host growth phase. Parasite load increased neither with absolute resource availability (i.e. body size), nor body condition index. By contrast to previous evidence, higher parasite load under natural conditions was associated with a stronger cell-mediated immune response. However, this association was moderated by low parasite densities, as well as a better brood body condition index. Overall, although we revealed remarkable host ontogenetic effects on parasite distribution, the present study suggests that a highly mobile ectoparasite generally prefers healthier hosts. We propose that, in host systems with a marked asynchrony of hatching and background mortality within the brood, parasites favour persistence rather than nutritional attractiveness of the host. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.
},
	keywords = {Carnus hemapterus, Europe},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14409054805 },
	author = {Vaclav, Radovan and Calero-Torralbo, Miguel A. and Valera, F.}
}
@article {3602,
	title = {Habitat-specific effects of a food supplementation experiment on immunocompetence in Eurasian magpie Pica pica nestlings},
	journal = {Ibis},
	volume = {149},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {October},
	pages = {763-773},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Parasite pressure and nutrition are two of the most important factors affecting the trade-off between nestling growth and immune development. During development, energy and nutrients are often limited, and nestlings should only dedicate differentially more valuable resources to their immune system when the associated benefits are high (i.e. in situations of an increased risk of parasitism). In this study, we manipulated nutritional condition of Eurasian Magpie Pica pica nestlings by providing a food supplement. Additionally, the study area was subdivided into two categories of habitat (irrigated and arid) based on the presence of irrigation canals. Nestling diet composition was more varied in the irrigated compared with in the arid habitat. In addition, nestlings of the irrigated habitat showed a significantly higher infestation of both ectoparasites and blood parasites and a significantly higher cell-mediated immunity, but lower tarsus length compared with nestlings of the arid habitat. Food supplementation to nestlings did not affect tarsus length, but increased nestling cell-mediated immunity in the arid habitat only. Based on the recent demonstrated trade-off between growth and immunocompetence in nestlings, we suggest that differences between habitats in nestling diet and parasite prevalence may have caused different priority rules in the allocation of resources between both fitness traits.
},
	isbn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14406036320 },
	author = {de Neve, L. and Juan J. Soler and Ruiz-Rodriguez, Magdalena and Martin-Galvez, David and Perez-Contreras, Tomas and Soler, Manuel}
}
@article {2653,
	title = {Possible functions of alternative nests in raptors: the case of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {253-259},
	abstract = {Four non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the alternative nest-building behaviour of raptors: (1) nests as an advertising signal in territories, (2) frustration nests, (3) competition avoidance by nest-site and (4) reduction of nest ectoparasites. We report here data collected during an observational study of a population of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in southeastern Spain. Our data does not support the first two hypotheses based on the closeness of nests within territories, the lack of correlation between the number of nests and the distance to neighbours and the construction of secondary nests at similar frequencies after breeding failures as after successes. In contrast, the construction of alternative nests to avoid competition with other cliff-nesting raptor species breeding nearby was clearly important since 30\% of the pairs obtained some direct benefit from the existence of alternative nests within their territories. We also found abundant Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Diptera (Carnidae, Calliphoridae and Phoridae) as ectoparasites in nests, and the alternative use of nests, synergetically with the presence of greenery as mechanisms for avoiding ectoparasites, was an important factor for the breeding success of the eagle. Our data suggest that competition avoidance and, in particular, the reduction of nest ectoparasite hypotheses are the more plausible explanations for the maintenance of alternative nests in raptors.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-007-0268-4},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254237400014 },
	author = {Ontiveros, D. and Caro, J. and Pleguezuelos, J. M.}
}
@article {2654,
	title = {Spots in starling Sturnus unicolor eggs are good indicators of ectoparasite load by Carnus hemapterus (Diptera : Carnidae)},
	journal = {Ardeola},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131-134},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000251201500013 },
	author = {Lopez-Rull, I. and Gil, M. and Gil, D.}
}
@inbook {1130,
	title = {Family Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {278},
	publisher = {KNNV Uitgeverij},
	organization = {KNNV Uitgeverij},
	type = {book section},
	address = {Utrecht},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, catalog, lacteipennis, Meoneura, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura vagans, Netherlands, obscurella},
	author = {Beuk, P. L. T.}
}
@inbook {1163,
	title = {Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands},
	series = {Studia dipterologica, Supplement },
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {book section
},
	pages = {138},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, catalog, Germany, lacteipennis, lamellata, Meoneura, Meoneura bicuspidata, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, neglecta, obscurella},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Brake_1999_138_Carnidae.pdf},
	author = {Brake, I.},
	editor = {Schumann, H. and B{\"a}hrmann, R. and Stark, A.}
}
@inbook {1246,
	title = {Carnidae},
	booktitle = {A preliminary list of the Diptera of Denmark},
	series = {Steenstrupia},
	number = {26},
	year = {2001},
	note = {article
},
	pages = {188-189},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Denmark, lacteipennis, lamellata, Meoneura, Meoneura exigua, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura prima, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, minutissima, neglecta, obscurella},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Chandler\%20et\%20al_2001_188_Carnidae.pdf},
	author = {Chandler, P. J. and Petersen, F. T. and Papp, L.},
	editor = {Petersen, F. T. and Meier, R.}
}
@article {1541,
	title = {Ektoparasitter p{\r a} skarvunger i Danmark med f{\o}rste fund af fluen <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae, Diptera) [Ectoparasites on cormorant chicks in Denmark with first finding of the carnid fly <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae; Diptera)]},
	journal = {Flora og Fauna},
	volume = {113},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Ektoparasitter pa skarvunger i Danmark med forste fund af fluen Carnus hemapterus (Carnidae, Diptera).
},
	month = {Juli},
	pages = {31-35},
	abstract = {During the period May 8 - June 14. 2003, a total of 591 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) chicks from eight different Danish colony sites were searched for ectoparasites. recording ectoparasite species and numbers along with nest position, brood size. individual chick condition and an estimate of chick age based on wing length. The parasites most frequently found were two species of chewing lice (Pectinopygus gyricornis and Eidmanniella pellucida), followed by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus and a few Ixodes ticks. Chewing lice occurred on 76.3\% of the chicks and were more common on older than younger chicks, whereas C. hemapterus most frequently occurred on younger chicks with no or sparse growth of down and feathers. C. hemapterus was found in two of the eight colonies and although it appears to he widespread, it is still uncovered in many areas and little is known about its ecology and dispersive behavio
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Denmark},
	isbn = {0015-3818},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14401003091 },
	author = {Hansen, Helle Juul}
}
@article {1640,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch (Diptera, Carnidae) found from the external auditory meatus of human, new to Japan},
	journal = {Medical entomology and zoology},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {265-268},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, images, Japan, species description},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Iwasa\%20M_2000.pdf},
	author = {Iwasa, M.}
}
@article {1646,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus (Diptera, Carnidae) and its occurence [occurrence] in Slovakia},
	journal = {Entomofauna Carpathica},
	volume = {17},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {84-85},
	abstract = {The paper deals with an occurrence and identification of the fly Carpus hemapterus (Diptera, Carnidae), recorded in nests of Sturnus vulgaris. The adults were collected from two sites situated in western Slovakia. Males were identified according to the ratio between width and length of the surstylus and paramere, females according to the shape of the sixth abdominal sternum.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Slovak Republic},
	isbn = {1335-1214},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14303016287 },
	author = {Jano{\v s}kov{\'a} V and Jamriska, Jan and Orszaghova, Zlatica}
}
@article {1704,
	title = {Flies (Diptera) inhabiting bird nests in the "Forest on the Vorskla River" nature reserve (Belgorod Province)},
	journal = {{\'E}ntomologicheskoe obozrenie},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {383-397},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, equitans, glabra, latipes, Leptometopa, Madiza, Milichiidae, Phyllomyza, Russia},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Krivokhatskii\%20\&\%20Nartshuk_2001.pdf},
	author = {Krivokhatskii, V. A. and Nartshuk, E. P.}
}
@article {1736,
	title = {Distribution of Carnus hemapterus in a starling colony},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {574-580},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Hungary},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Liker\%20et\%20al_2001.pdf},
	author = {Liker, A. and M{\'a}rkus, M. and Voz{\'a}r, {\'A} and Zemankovics, E.}
}
@article {1930,
	title = {Ecological factors influencing disease risk in eagle owls Bubo bubo},
	journal = {Ibis},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {386-395},
	abstract = {In this study we assessed whether local habitat features and host population density influenced disease risk in Eagle Owl Bubo bubo fledglings. Measures of immune defence (concentrations of circulating white blood cells), prevalence of three parasite types (a blood parasite Leucocytozoon ziemanni, an insect Carnus haemapterus, and a tick Rhipicephalus sp.) and total number of parasite species were used to quantify disease risk. We tested the hypotheses that disease risk in fledglings was higher in nests located in areas with higher length of and proximity to watercourses (as a higher abundance and viability of parasites and vectors occur in wetter areas), higher cover of forest (as forest moistness and humidity can favour higher vector and parasite proliferation), higher habitat diversity (as environmental heterogeneity increases the pool of potential vectors and parasites) and higher local owl population density (as disease transmission might be density-dependent). The clearest relationship was with the proximity of freshwater, although the other hypotheses were also partially supported. Concentrations of white blood cells, the number of parasite species and, weakly, the prevalence of Carnus haemapterus were all higher in nests closer to watercourses. The prevalence of blood parasites increased with the cover of forested areas. Fledglings from nests located in more diverse habitats had higher white blood cell concentrations and showed higher prevalence of blood parasites. Finally, local host population density was positively correlated with the prevalence of blood parasites. The results suggest the existence of complex and interrelated links between ecological parameters and three different measures of disease risk, and highlight the importance of immunological approaches to assess disease risk at an intraspecific level.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14307044821 },
	author = {Ortego, Joaquon and Espada, Francisco}
}
@inbook {1958,
	title = {Family Milichiidae + Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Clusiidae - Chloropidae},
	series = {Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera},
	number = {10},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {110-123},
	type = {chapter},
	keywords = {afghanica, albomaculata, Aldrichiomyza, algerica, alpina, anceps, argentiventris, asiatica, bimaculata, britannica, broersei, Carnidae, Carnus, carpathica, catalog, compacta, coquilletti, Hemeromyia anthracina, Meoneura acuticerca, Meoneura atoma, Meoneura bicuspidata, Milichiidae, Palaearctis},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Papp_1984_110.pdf},
	author = {Papp, L.},
	editor = {So{\'o}s, {\'A} and Papp, L.}
}
@article {1993,
	title = {Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, 1818 (Diptera: Carnidae) parasite on Merops apiaster L. (Aves: Meropidae) in southern Romania},
	journal = {Travaux du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteright}histoire naturelle {\textquoteright}Gr. Antipa{\textquoteright}},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {221-224},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {Carnus hemapterus on Merops apiaster in Romania
},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Romania},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Petrescu\%20\&\%20Adam_2000.pdf},
	author = {Petrescu, A. and Adam, C.}
}
@article {1994,
	title = {Interspecific relations in the populations of Merops apiaster L. (Aves: Coraciiformes) of southern Romania},
	journal = {Travaux du Mus{\'e}um d{\textquoteright}histoire naturelle {\textquoteright}Gr. Antipa{\textquoteright}},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {305-322},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {birds nests, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Romania},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Petrescu\%20\&\%20Adam_2001.pdf},
	author = {Petrescu, A. and Adam, C.}
}
@inbook {2044,
	title = {Carnidae},
	booktitle = {Check list of Diptera (Insecta) of the Czech and Slovak Republics},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {79},
	publisher = {Charles University Press},
	organization = {Charles University Press},
	type = {chapter},
	address = {Prague},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Europe, Hemeromyia anthracina, Meoneura acuticerca, Meoneura alpina, Meoneura atoma, Meoneura carpathica, Meoneura exigua, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura hungarica, Meoneura lacteipennis, Meoneura milleri, Meoneura minutissima, Meoneura moravica, Meoneura neglecta, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura obscurella, Meoneura prima, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, Slovakia},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roh{\'a}{\v c}ek\%20J_1997_79.pdf},
	author = {Jindrich Rohacek},
	editor = {Chv{\'a}la, M.}
}
@inbook {2046,
	title = {Carnidae, Tethinidae, Milichiidae},
	booktitle = {Diptera of the P{\'a}lava Biosphere Reserve of UNESCO, II},
	series = {Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis},
	number = {100},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {325-330},
	type = {chapter},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Czech Republic, Meoneura acuticerca, Meoneura freta, Meoneura hungarica, Meoneura milleri, Meoneura minutissima, Meoneura neottiophila, Meoneura prima, Meoneura pseudoflavifacies, Meoneura triangularis, Meoneura vagans, Milichiidae},
	url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Roh{\'a}{\v c}ek\%20J_1999.pdf},
	author = {Jindrich Rohacek},
	editor = {Rozkosny, R. and Vanhara, J.}
}
@article {2057,
	title = {Cycle de reproduction et abondance du dipt{\`e}re parasite Carnus hemapterus dans les nich{\'e}e de Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {265-272},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1998.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2058,
	title = {F{\'e}condit{\'e} de la mouche Carnus hemapterus, ectoparasite des jeunes Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {205-212},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1999.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2059,
	title = {Which chick is tasty to parasites? The importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Carnus hemapterus (3 diff. spellings) on Tyto alba and Falco tinnunculus in Switzerland
},
	pages = {75-81},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Brinkhof, M. W. G. and Bize, P. and Richner, H. and Jungi, T. W. and Bavoux, C. and Boileau, N. and Burneleau, G.}
}
@article {2060,
	title = {Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {703-718},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the role of origin-related, environmental, sex, and age factors on host defence mechanisms is important to understand variation in parasite intensity. Because alternative components of parasite defence may be differently sensitive to various factors, they may not necessarily covary. Many components should therefore be considered to tackle the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In a population of barn owls (Tyto alba), we investigated the role of origin-related, environmental (i.e. year, season, nest of rearing, and body condition), sex, and age factors on 12 traits linked to immune responses (humoral immune responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC), human serum albumin (HSA) and toxoid toxin TT, T-cell mediated immune response towards the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA)), susceptibility to ectoparasites (number and fecundity of Carnus haemapterus, number of Ixodes ricinus), and disease symptoms (size of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, proportion of proteins that are immunoglobulins, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Cross-fostering experiments allowed us to detect a heritable component of variation in only four out of nine immune and parasitic parameters (i.e. SRBC- and HSA-responses, haematocrit, and number of C. haemapterus). However, because nestlings were not always cross-fostered just after hatching, the finding that 44\% of the immune and parasitic parameters were heritable is probably an overestimation. These experiments also showed that five out of these nine parameters were sensitive to the nest environment (i.e. SRBC- and PHA-responses, number of C. haemapterus, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Female nestlings were more infested by the blood-sucking fly C. haemapterus than their male nestmates, and their blood was less concentrated in leucocytes. The effect of year, season, age (i.e. reflecting the degree of maturation of the immune system), brood size, position in the within-brood age hierarchy, and body mass strongly differed between the 12 parameters. Different components of host defence mechanisms are therefore not equally heritable and sensitive to environmental, sex, and age factors, potentially explaining why most of these components did not covary.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Christe, Philippe and Dijkstra, Cor and Ducrest, Anne-Lyse and Jungi, Thomas W.}
}
@article {2061,
	title = {Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {103-110},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Riols, C. and Dijkstra, C. and Ducrest, A. L.}
}
@article {2282,
	title = {Prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) - how frequent is it in parasites},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	month = {August},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Prolonged diapause is usually interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable environmental conditions and resource availability. Many parasites usually face highly unpredictable environments, therefore prolonged diapause should be common among these organisms. Here we examine the occurrence and frequency of prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). We found that the studied population is polymorphic with respect to diapause duration. Emergence of carnid flies after 2 and 3 wintering seasons was therefore detected in around 17\% and 21\% of the samples respectively. The number of flies with prolonged diapause ranked 0.88-50\% with respect to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. Both the occurrence of prolonged diapause and the number of flies with a long life-cycle are related to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. The emergence pattern of flies with prolonged diapause was very similar to that observed for flies with a short cycle and occurred in synchrony with the occurrence of hosts. Prolonged diapause has been frequently reported in plant-feeding insects and in some host-parasitoid systems, but this is, to our knowledge, the second report ever on prolonged diapause in true parasites of animals. We discuss the reasons for the apparent rarity of prolonged diapause among these organisms.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Spain},
	isbn = {0031-1820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14211069128 },
	author = {Valera, F. and Casas-Criville, A. and Calero-Torralbo, M. A.}
}
@article {2283,
	title = {Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Carnus hemapterus on Merops apiaster and Petronia petronia
},
	pages = {245-250},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	author = {Valera, F. and Casas-Criville, A. and Hoi, H.}
}
