@article {10411,
	title = {Diptera biodiversity at s{\textquoteright}Albufera},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/04/??},
	pages = {16-30},
	keywords = {Mallorca},
	url = {https://www.taib.info/download/fieldwork-reports/TAIB-Report-2006.pdf?a33b87},
	author = {Ebejer, MJ and Gibbs, DJ and Riddiford, NJ}
}
@book {9921,
	title = {Diptera types in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. Supplement},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada},
	organization = {Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada},
	edition = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Meoneura sinclairi},
	author = {Brooks, S. E. and Cumming, J. M. and O{\textquoteright}Hara, J. E. and Skevington, J. H. and Cooper, B. E.}
}
@article {3600,
	title = {To the knowledge of Carnidae and Milichiidae, especially of central Germany},
	journal = {Studia Dipterologica},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Zur Kenntnis der Carnidae und Milichiidae, insbesondere in Mitteldeutschland.
},
	pages = {3-16},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {328 specimens of Milichiidae belonging to at least 10 species, and 639 specimens of Carnidae belonging also to at least 10 species were collected mainly in grassland biotopes in Central Germany. Eight different sampling methods were used. The dominant species were especially Desmometopa sordidum, Madiza glabra, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura vagans, and Meoneura neglecta. The species are characterized in the light of eco-faunistic investigations and also by the results of observations.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnidae, Milichiidae, including species accounts]., Land zones; Palaearctic region; Eurasia; Europe, Milichiidae (Cyclorrhapha).},
	isbn = {0945-3954},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14408045816 },
	author = {Baehrmann, Rudolf}
}
@article {3602,
	title = {Habitat-specific effects of a food supplementation experiment on immunocompetence in Eurasian magpie Pica pica nestlings},
	journal = {Ibis},
	volume = {149},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {October},
	pages = {763-773},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Parasite pressure and nutrition are two of the most important factors affecting the trade-off between nestling growth and immune development. During development, energy and nutrients are often limited, and nestlings should only dedicate differentially more valuable resources to their immune system when the associated benefits are high (i.e. in situations of an increased risk of parasitism). In this study, we manipulated nutritional condition of Eurasian Magpie Pica pica nestlings by providing a food supplement. Additionally, the study area was subdivided into two categories of habitat (irrigated and arid) based on the presence of irrigation canals. Nestling diet composition was more varied in the irrigated compared with in the arid habitat. In addition, nestlings of the irrigated habitat showed a significantly higher infestation of both ectoparasites and blood parasites and a significantly higher cell-mediated immunity, but lower tarsus length compared with nestlings of the arid habitat. Food supplementation to nestlings did not affect tarsus length, but increased nestling cell-mediated immunity in the arid habitat only. Based on the recent demonstrated trade-off between growth and immunocompetence in nestlings, we suggest that differences between habitats in nestling diet and parasite prevalence may have caused different priority rules in the allocation of resources between both fitness traits.
},
	isbn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14406036320 },
	author = {de Neve, L. and Juan J. Soler and Ruiz-Rodriguez, Magdalena and Martin-Galvez, David and Perez-Contreras, Tomas and Soler, Manuel}
}
@article {2654,
	title = {Spots in starling Sturnus unicolor eggs are good indicators of ectoparasite load by Carnus hemapterus (Diptera : Carnidae)},
	journal = {Ardeola},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {131-134},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000251201500013 },
	author = {Lopez-Rull, I. and Gil, M. and Gil, D.}
}
@article {1203,
	title = {Enigmocarnus chloropiformis gen. et sp. nov., and parallel evolution of protandrial symmetry in Carnidae (Diptera)},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {January},
	pages = {9-18},
	abstract = {Enigmocarnus chloropiformis Buck gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of a single male from east central Texas. The phylogeny of Carnidae is analyzed based on a matrix of 25 morphological characters, and a key to the World genera of Carnidae is presented. The new genus is characterized by a reduced head chaetotaxy (bristles short and mostly pale), notable gray pruinosity of the body, and a unique configuration of pregenital sclerites (the protandrium), which precludes placement of this species in any previously described genus of Carnidae. Enigmocarnus possesses a nearly symmetrical protandrium like Carnus and Meoneura, but the position of sternite 7 indicates that symmetry evolved independently and on a different path. The protandrial peculiarities exhibited by Enigmocarnus are discussed in the framework of Carnoidea relationships.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, chloropiformis, Enigmocarnus, genus description, male terminalia, Meoneura, morphology, phylogenetic systematic, species description, Texas, United States},
	isbn = {0013-8746},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14303019722 },
	author = {Buck, M. and Marshall, Stephen A.}
}
@article {1541,
	title = {Ektoparasitter p{\r a} skarvunger i Danmark med f{\o}rste fund af fluen <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae, Diptera) [Ectoparasites on cormorant chicks in Denmark with first finding of the carnid fly <em>Carnus hemapterus</em> (Carnidae; Diptera)]},
	journal = {Flora og Fauna},
	volume = {113},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Ektoparasitter pa skarvunger i Danmark med forste fund af fluen Carnus hemapterus (Carnidae, Diptera).
},
	month = {Juli},
	pages = {31-35},
	abstract = {During the period May 8 - June 14. 2003, a total of 591 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) chicks from eight different Danish colony sites were searched for ectoparasites. recording ectoparasite species and numbers along with nest position, brood size. individual chick condition and an estimate of chick age based on wing length. The parasites most frequently found were two species of chewing lice (Pectinopygus gyricornis and Eidmanniella pellucida), followed by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus and a few Ixodes ticks. Chewing lice occurred on 76.3\% of the chicks and were more common on older than younger chicks, whereas C. hemapterus most frequently occurred on younger chicks with no or sparse growth of down and feathers. C. hemapterus was found in two of the eight colonies and although it appears to he widespread, it is still uncovered in many areas and little is known about its ecology and dispersive behavio
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Denmark},
	isbn = {0015-3818},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14401003091 },
	author = {Hansen, Helle Juul}
}
@article {1930,
	title = {Ecological factors influencing disease risk in eagle owls Bubo bubo},
	journal = {Ibis},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {386-395},
	abstract = {In this study we assessed whether local habitat features and host population density influenced disease risk in Eagle Owl Bubo bubo fledglings. Measures of immune defence (concentrations of circulating white blood cells), prevalence of three parasite types (a blood parasite Leucocytozoon ziemanni, an insect Carnus haemapterus, and a tick Rhipicephalus sp.) and total number of parasite species were used to quantify disease risk. We tested the hypotheses that disease risk in fledglings was higher in nests located in areas with higher length of and proximity to watercourses (as a higher abundance and viability of parasites and vectors occur in wetter areas), higher cover of forest (as forest moistness and humidity can favour higher vector and parasite proliferation), higher habitat diversity (as environmental heterogeneity increases the pool of potential vectors and parasites) and higher local owl population density (as disease transmission might be density-dependent). The clearest relationship was with the proximity of freshwater, although the other hypotheses were also partially supported. Concentrations of white blood cells, the number of parasite species and, weakly, the prevalence of Carnus haemapterus were all higher in nests closer to watercourses. The prevalence of blood parasites increased with the cover of forested areas. Fledglings from nests located in more diverse habitats had higher white blood cell concentrations and showed higher prevalence of blood parasites. Finally, local host population density was positively correlated with the prevalence of blood parasites. The results suggest the existence of complex and interrelated links between ecological parameters and three different measures of disease risk, and highlight the importance of immunological approaches to assess disease risk at an intraspecific level.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14307044821 },
	author = {Ortego, Joaquon and Espada, Francisco}
}
@article {2060,
	title = {Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {703-718},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the role of origin-related, environmental, sex, and age factors on host defence mechanisms is important to understand variation in parasite intensity. Because alternative components of parasite defence may be differently sensitive to various factors, they may not necessarily covary. Many components should therefore be considered to tackle the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In a population of barn owls (Tyto alba), we investigated the role of origin-related, environmental (i.e. year, season, nest of rearing, and body condition), sex, and age factors on 12 traits linked to immune responses (humoral immune responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC), human serum albumin (HSA) and toxoid toxin TT, T-cell mediated immune response towards the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA)), susceptibility to ectoparasites (number and fecundity of Carnus haemapterus, number of Ixodes ricinus), and disease symptoms (size of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, proportion of proteins that are immunoglobulins, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Cross-fostering experiments allowed us to detect a heritable component of variation in only four out of nine immune and parasitic parameters (i.e. SRBC- and HSA-responses, haematocrit, and number of C. haemapterus). However, because nestlings were not always cross-fostered just after hatching, the finding that 44\% of the immune and parasitic parameters were heritable is probably an overestimation. These experiments also showed that five out of these nine parameters were sensitive to the nest environment (i.e. SRBC- and PHA-responses, number of C. haemapterus, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Female nestlings were more infested by the blood-sucking fly C. haemapterus than their male nestmates, and their blood was less concentrated in leucocytes. The effect of year, season, age (i.e. reflecting the degree of maturation of the immune system), brood size, position in the within-brood age hierarchy, and body mass strongly differed between the 12 parameters. Different components of host defence mechanisms are therefore not equally heritable and sensitive to environmental, sex, and age factors, potentially explaining why most of these components did not covary.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Christe, Philippe and Dijkstra, Cor and Ducrest, Anne-Lyse and Jungi, Thomas W.}
}
