02160nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245010300055210006900158260000800227300001400235490000800249520161600257653001301873653001001886100002201896700001901918856004101937       2012                        eng d  a0932-011300aReproductive anatomy and fecundity estimation of the haematophagous ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus0 aReproductive anatomy and fecundity estimation of the haematophag  cMay  a1733-17390 v1103 aThe dynamics of host-parasite interactions depends to a large extent on the effect of host responses on parasite fitness. An increased research effort is currently being invested in the study of host influence on parasite fitness both at a population and at an individual level even though basic information (e.g. the reproductive anatomy of parasites) is frequently missing. Here, we study for the first time the reproductive system of the Diptera Carnus hemapterus, a 2-mm long, highly mobile haematophagous fly parasitizing nestlings of a broad variety of bird species. Although this species is poorly known, it is being increasingly used for the study of host-parasite interactions. We also assess the reliability of a method to estimate fecundity based on the number of laid eggs per gravid female and analyse the effect of body size on fecundity estimates. Our results show that carnid flies are synovigenic, so that both the number of laid eggs at a given moment and the egg load represent only a fraction of the true potential fecundity. Moreover, laid eggs are probably a fraction of the number of mature eggs ready to be laid since females withheld seemingly mature eggs at oviposition. A high proportion of pregnant females did not lay eggs, and the number of eggs laid per pregnant female varied remarkably. The latter is explained partly by a positive relationship with body size (thorax length and abdomen width). Caution is needed when using the number of laid eggs as a shortcut estimation of fecundity in C. hemapterus. We propose some improvements to the method for assessing Carnus fertility.10aCarnidae10aSpain1 aValera, Francisco1 aZidkova, Lenka  u<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR1480704936500768nas a2200205   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231490000700243520005400250653001300304653001100317653002200328653001000350100002100360700001500381700001400396700001600410856013600426       2001                        eng d00aNestbox provisioning in a rural population of Eurasian Kestrels: breeding performance, nest predation and parasitism0 aNestbox provisioning in a rural population of Eurasian Kestrels   a236-2440 v483 aCarnus hemapterus on Falco tinnunculus in Spain
10aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aSpain1 aFargallo, J., A.1 aBlanco, G.1 aPotti, J.1 aVinuela, J.  uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/content/nestbox-provisioning-rural-population-eurasian-kestrels-breeding-performance-nest-predation-02147nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245015100055210006900206260001400275300001200289490000700301520132200308653001301630653001101643653002201654653001001676100002701686700003001713700001801743700002001761856013601781       2006                        eng d  a0908-885700aRelative importance of factors affecting nestling immune response differs between junior and senior nestlings within broods of hoopoes Upupa epops0 aRelative importance of factors affecting nestling immune respons  cSeptember  a467-4760 v373 aAnimals should invest in the immune system to protect themselves from parasites, but the cost of immune responses may limit investment depending on resource availability. In birds&#39; broods, senior and junior chicks in size hierarchies face different rearing conditions, and thus we predicted that factors affecting immune response should differ between them. In asynchronously hatched hoopoe Upupa epops broods, we found that the immune response of senior nestlings was not related to their body condition, but positively related to risk of parasitism (which was indirectly estimated by laying date). This suggests that their immunocompetence is not limited by access to resources, and they can differentially invest in immune response with increasing risk of parasitism. On the other hand, immune response of junior nestlings was related to their body condition, but secondarily also to risk of parasitism. Our results agree with previous studies that have found significant influence of nutritional status and risk of parasitism on nestlings immune defence, but show that the effects of these environmental factors on nestling immunocompetence differ between nestlings occupying high and low rank positions in size hierarchies. The possible influence of maternal effects on the results found is also discussed.
10aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aSpain1 aMartin-Vivaldi, Manuel1 aRuiz-Rodriguez, Magdalena1 aMendez, Maria1 aSoler, Juan, J.  uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/content/relative-importance-factors-affecting-nestling-immune-response-differs-between-junior-and-se02069nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188260001100257300001200268490000800280520139900288653001301687653001101700653002201711653001001733100001501743700002301758700002801781856004201809       2006                        eng d  a0031-182000aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) - how frequent is it in parasites0 aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus Diptera  cAugust  a179-1860 v1333 aProlonged diapause is usually interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable environmental conditions and resource availability. Many parasites usually face highly unpredictable environments, therefore prolonged diapause should be common among these organisms. Here we examine the occurrence and frequency of prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). We found that the studied population is polymorphic with respect to diapause duration. Emergence of carnid flies after 2 and 3 wintering seasons was therefore detected in around 17% and 21% of the samples respectively. The number of flies with prolonged diapause ranked 0.88-50% with respect to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. Both the occurrence of prolonged diapause and the number of flies with a long life-cycle are related to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. The emergence pattern of flies with prolonged diapause was very similar to that observed for flies with a short cycle and occurred in synchrony with the occurrence of hosts. Prolonged diapause has been frequently reported in plant-feeding insects and in some host-parasitoid systems, but this is, to our knowledge, the second report ever on prolonged diapause in true parasites of animals. We discuss the reasons for the apparent rarity of prolonged diapause among these organisms.
10aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aSpain1 aValera, F.1 aCasas-Criville, A.1 aCalero-Torralbo, M., A.  u<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14211069128 00831nas a2200217   4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300001200271490000800283653001300291653001100304653002200315653001500337653002600352653002800378653001000406100001500416700002400431700002200455856013600477       2006                        eng d00aLife-history variation in three coexisting species of carnid flies (Diptera: Carnidae), Carnus hemapterus, Hemeromyia anthracina and Hemeromyia longirostris0 aLifehistory variation in three coexisting species of carnid flie  a347-3530 v10310aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aHemeromyia10aHemeromyia anthracina10aHemeromyia longirostris10aSpain1 aValera, F.1 aMartín-Vivaldi, M.1 aCarles-Tolrá, M.  uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/content/life-history-variation-three-coexisting-species-carnid-flies-diptera-carnidae-carnus-hemapte