02899nas a2200265 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001000202490000800212520209400220653001802314653002202332653002802354653002402382653002502406653001602431100002002447700001802467700002102485700002202506700002402528700002002552700001502572856004602587 2016 eng d00aNest ecology of blood parasites in the European roller and its ectoparasitic carnid fly0 aNest ecology of blood parasites in the European roller and its e a71-800 v1653 a

Haemosporidian parasites are considered the most important vector-borne parasites. However, vector identity and ecology is unknown for most such hostevectoreparasite systems. In this study, we employ microscopic and molecular analyses to examine haemosporidian prevalence in a migratory, cavitynesting bird, European roller Coracias garrulus, and its nidicolous blood-feeding ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus. This system is unique in that the ectoparasite is confined to a near-closed environment, in contrast to the free-wandering system of haematophagous dipterans such as mosquitoes. Blood film analysis confirms previous works in that Haemoproteus parasites are widely prevalent in adult rollers and belong to a single species, Haemoproteus coraciae. Leucocytozoon sp. and Trypanosoma sp. also are detected in adult rollers at low intensities with this technique. By means of molecular analysis, we report for the first time Plasmodium sp. presence in C. garrulus. Based on PCR results, Plasmodium parasites are relatively less prevalent than Haemoproteus parasites (20% vs. 31%) in rollers. In contrast, haemosporidian prevalences show the opposite trend for Carnus flies: Plasmodium sp. occurrence (62%) clearly predominates over that of Haemoproteus sp. (5%). A comparison between roller and Carnus samples reveals a significantly higher prevalence of Plasmodium sp. in Carnus samples. Insect survey and phylogenetic analysis suggest Culicoides flies as Haemoproteus sp. vectors, which appear to readily transmit the parasite in southern Spain. This study does not find support for Carnus flies to serve as biological or mechanical vectors of haemosporidians. In spite of this, nidicolous blood-feeding ectoparasites, such as carnid flies, appear as a suitable model for studies on the occurrence and temporal dynamics of avian haemosporidians such as Plasmodium sp. present at low intensities.

10aAvian malaria10aCarnus hemapterus10aNidicolous ectoparasite10as Coracias garrulus10aTransmission ecology10aTrypanosoma1 aVaclav, Radovan1 aBetáková, T1 aŠvančarová, P1 aPérez-Serrano, J1 aCriado-Fornelio, Á1 aŠkorvanová, L1 aValera, F. uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/node/1044802209nas a2200205 4500008004100000020001400041245013200055210006900187260001400256300001400270490000800284520155800292653001301850653002201863653002301885653001001908100002801918700001501946856004201961 2008 eng d a0031-182000aSynchronization of host-parasite cycles by means of diapause: host influence and parasite response to involuntary host shifting0 aSynchronization of hostparasite cycles by means of diapause host cSeptember a1343-13520 v1353 aMany parasites require synchronization of their infective phases with the appearance of susceptible host individuals and, for many species, diapause is one of the mechanisms contributing to such coincidence. A variety of ecological factors, like changes in host temperature produced by involuntary host shifting (Substitution of the usual host by an infrequent one), can modify host-parasite synchronization of diapausing ectoparasites of endothermic species. To understand the influence of host shifting on the mechanisms of parasite synchronization, we conducted experiments using the system formed by the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus and its avian hosts. We simulated the occurrence of the usual host and natural cases of host shifting by exposing overwintering carnid Pupae from Bee-eater nests (Merops apiaster) to the earlier incubation periods of two Carnus host species that frequently reoccupy Bee-eater nests. Pupae exposed to host shifting treatments advanced the mean date of emergence and produced an earlier and faster rate of emergence in comparison with Pupae exposed both to the control (absence of any host) and Bee-eater treatments. The effect was more evident for the treatment resembling the host with the most dissimilar phenology to the one of the usual host. Our results show that host temperature is an environmental cue used by this nest-dwelling haematophagous ectoparasite and reveal that Carnus hemapterus has some potential to react to involuntary host shifting by means of plasticity in the termination of diapause.10aCarnidae10aCarnus hemapterus10aon Merops apiaster10aSpain1 aCalero-Torralbo, M., A.1 aValera, F. u://ZOOREC:ZOOR14503013830 02168nas a2200193 4500008004500000020001400045245013100059210006900190260000900259300001200268490000700280520154500287653002201832653001101854100002001865700003201885700001501917856004201932 2008 Engldsh  a0024-406600aEctoparasite load is linked to ontogeny and cell-mediated immunity in an avian host system with pronounced hatching asynchrony0 aEctoparasite load is linked to ontogeny and cellmediated immunit cJuly a463-4730 v943 aSeveral contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to account for host age-biased parasite distribution, with some of them suggesting a key role of ectoparasites in the evolution and maintenance of weight hierarchies within broods. We examined parasite distribution among individual hosts across the whole period of host exposure to the parasite in a host system that shows distinct within-brood differences in age and age-related mortality. By contrast to previous hypotheses, we found that the abundance of a haematophagous, mobile ectoparasite Carnus haemapterus on nestling European rollers (Coracias garrulus) was highest approximately during the mid-nestling stage of their host, coinciding with the inflection point of the host growth phase. Parasite load increased neither with absolute resource availability (i.e. body size), nor body condition index. By contrast to previous evidence, higher parasite load under natural conditions was associated with a stronger cell-mediated immune response. However, this association was moderated by low parasite densities, as well as a better brood body condition index. Overall, although we revealed remarkable host ontogenetic effects on parasite distribution, the present study suggests that a highly mobile ectoparasite generally prefers healthier hosts. We propose that, in host systems with a marked asynchrony of hatching and background mortality within the brood, parasites favour persistence rather than nutritional attractiveness of the host. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London. 10aCarnus hemapterus10aEurope1 aVaclav, Radovan1 aCalero-Torralbo, Miguel, A.1 aValera, F. u://ZOOREC:ZOOR14409054805 02069nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188260001100257300001200268490000800280520139900288653001301687653001101700653002201711653001001733100001501743700002301758700002801781856004201809 2006 eng d a0031-182000aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) - how frequent is it in parasites0 aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus Diptera cAugust a179-1860 v1333 aProlonged diapause is usually interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable environmental conditions and resource availability. Many parasites usually face highly unpredictable environments, therefore prolonged diapause should be common among these organisms. Here we examine the occurrence and frequency of prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). We found that the studied population is polymorphic with respect to diapause duration. Emergence of carnid flies after 2 and 3 wintering seasons was therefore detected in around 17% and 21% of the samples respectively. The number of flies with prolonged diapause ranked 0.88-50% with respect to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. Both the occurrence of prolonged diapause and the number of flies with a long life-cycle are related to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. The emergence pattern of flies with prolonged diapause was very similar to that observed for flies with a short cycle and occurred in synchrony with the occurrence of hosts. Prolonged diapause has been frequently reported in plant-feeding insects and in some host-parasitoid systems, but this is, to our knowledge, the second report ever on prolonged diapause in true parasites of animals. We discuss the reasons for the apparent rarity of prolonged diapause among these organisms. 10aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aSpain1 aValera, F.1 aCasas-Criville, A.1 aCalero-Torralbo, M., A. u://ZOOREC:ZOOR14211069128 00546nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006300041210006300104300001200167490000700179653001300186653001100199653002200210100001500232700002300247700001200270856009400282 2003 eng d00aInterspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds0 aInterspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds a245-2500 v8910aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus1 aValera, F.1 aCasas-Criville, A.1 aHoi, H. uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/content/interspecific-parasite-exchange-mixed-colony-birds00831nas a2200217 4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300001200271490000800283653001300291653001100304653002200315653001500337653002600352653002800378653001000406100001500416700002400431700002200455856013600477 2006 eng d00aLife-history variation in three coexisting species of carnid flies (Diptera: Carnidae), Carnus hemapterus, Hemeromyia anthracina and Hemeromyia longirostris0 aLifehistory variation in three coexisting species of carnid flie a347-3530 v10310aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aHemeromyia10aHemeromyia anthracina10aHemeromyia longirostris10aSpain1 aValera, F.1 aMartín-Vivaldi, M.1 aCarles-Tolrá, M. uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/content/life-history-variation-three-coexisting-species-carnid-flies-diptera-carnidae-carnus-hemapte