02073nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001400213490000800227520158300235100002801818700002001846700001501866856004601881 2013 eng d00aIntra-specific variability in life-cycle synchronization of an ectoparasitic fly to its avian host0 aIntraspecific variability in lifecycle synchronization of an ect a274–2840 v1223 a

The role of environmental and host-associated factors in synchronization of host–parasite life-cycles is an important question of evolutionary ecology. Yet, only handsome of studies examined this question at the intraspecific level. Here we explore how host-associated traits, such as breeding phenology and host breeding habitat, can influence parasite phenology and co-occurrence at different spatial scales. We studied the system comprised of a generalist ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus and one of its avian hosts, the European roller Coracias garrulus. Inter-annual variation in phenology was larger for parasites than hosts. Host predictability in terms of occurrence and phenological regularity was moderate, suggesting that this resource can be difficult to be tracked by the parasite. A large proportion of flies consistently emerged before the appearance of suitable host resources at both the nest and population level. Consequently, we revealed low and highly variable inter-annual host–parasite synchronization rates. Nevertheless, we found that parasites from nests of early and progressively earlier breeding European rollers were more synchronized with their hosts than parasites from nests of late and progressively later breeding hosts, respectively. Temporal trends in host suitability and parasite emergence at the population scale suggest that other mechanisms, such as dispersal or exploitation of other host species, ensure parasites access to resources and counteract asynchrony with the host at the nest scale.

1 aCalero-Torralbo, M., A.1 aVaclav, Radovan1 aValera, F. uhttps://diptera.myspecies.info/node/1044602069nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188260001100257300001200268490000800280520139900288653001301687653001101700653002201711653001001733100001501743700002301758700002801781856004201809 2006 eng d a0031-182000aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) - how frequent is it in parasites0 aProlonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus Diptera cAugust a179-1860 v1333 aProlonged diapause is usually interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable environmental conditions and resource availability. Many parasites usually face highly unpredictable environments, therefore prolonged diapause should be common among these organisms. Here we examine the occurrence and frequency of prolonged diapause in the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). We found that the studied population is polymorphic with respect to diapause duration. Emergence of carnid flies after 2 and 3 wintering seasons was therefore detected in around 17% and 21% of the samples respectively. The number of flies with prolonged diapause ranked 0.88-50% with respect to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. Both the occurrence of prolonged diapause and the number of flies with a long life-cycle are related to the number of flies emerging during the first spring. The emergence pattern of flies with prolonged diapause was very similar to that observed for flies with a short cycle and occurred in synchrony with the occurrence of hosts. Prolonged diapause has been frequently reported in plant-feeding insects and in some host-parasitoid systems, but this is, to our knowledge, the second report ever on prolonged diapause in true parasites of animals. We discuss the reasons for the apparent rarity of prolonged diapause among these organisms. 10aCarnidae10aCarnus10aCarnus hemapterus10aSpain1 aValera, F.1 aCasas-Criville, A.1 aCalero-Torralbo, M., A. u://ZOOREC:ZOOR14211069128