D. W.  Coquillett, ?Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico. A family of parasitic two-winged insects?, United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, vol. 7, p. 154 pp, 1897.

A. L.  Melander, ?A Synopsis of the dipterous groups Agromyzidae, Milichiidae, Ochthiphilinae and Geomyzinae?, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 21, pp. 219-273, 283-300, pl. 8, 1913.