G. M. J.  Giles, A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae together with descriptions of all species noticed up to the present date, 2ndnd ed. London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1902, p. xi + [i] + 530.

A.  Stone, ?Chapter 25. Culicidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 341-350.