M.  Kozánek, de Meyer, M., and Albrecht, A., ?3.6. Family Pipunculidae?, in Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Vol 3: Higher Brachycera, L.  Papp and Darvas, B., Eds. Budapest: Science Herald, 1998, pp. 141-150.

F. C.  Thompson and Rotheray, G. E., ?3.5. Family Syrphidae?, in Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Vol 3: Higher Brachycera, L.  Papp and Darvas, B., Eds. Budapest: Science Herald, 1998, pp. 81-139.

D. E.  Hardy, ?Chapter 53. Pipunculidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 745-748.

J. R.  Vockeroth and Thompson, F. C., ?Chapter 52. Syrphidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 713-743.