F. C.  Thompson and Rotheray, G. E., ?3.5. Family Syrphidae?, in Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Vol 3: Higher Brachycera, L.  Papp and Darvas, B., Eds. Budapest: Science Herald, 1998, pp. 81-139.

J. R.  Vockeroth and Thompson, F. C., ?Chapter 52. Syrphidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 713-743.