W. W.  Wirth, Mathis, W. N., and Vockeroth, J. R., ?Chapter 98. Ephydridae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 1027-1047.