@article {8812,
	title = {Pre-hatching maternal effects and the tasty chick hypothesis},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {463-473},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Question: Are maternal effects (i.e. maternal transfer of immune components to their offspring via the placenta or the egg) specifically directed to the offspring on which ectoparasites predictably aggregate? Organisms: The barn owl (Tyto alba) because late-hatched offspring are the main target of the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus. Hypothesis: Pre-hatching maternal effects enhance parasite resistance of late- compared with early-hatched nestlings. Search method: To disentangle the effect of natal from rearing ranks on parasite intensity, we exchanged hatchlings between nests to allocate early- and late-hatched hatchlings randomly in the within-brood age hierarchy. Result: After controlling for rearing ranks, cross-fostered late-hatched nestlings were less parasitized but lighter than cross-fostered early-hatched nestlings. Conclusion: Pre-hatching maternal effects increase parasite resistance of late-hatched offspring at a growth cost.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, on Tyto alba},
	isbn = {1522-0613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410057877 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Gasparini, Julien and Froissart, Lucie}
}
@article {2057,
	title = {Cycle de reproduction et abondance du dipt{\`e}re parasite Carnus hemapterus dans les nich{\'e}e de Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {265-272},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1998.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2058,
	title = {F{\'e}condit{\'e} de la mouche Carnus hemapterus, ectoparasite des jeunes Chouettes effraies Tyto alba},
	journal = {Alauda. {\'E}tudes et notes ornithologiques},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {205-212},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {biology, Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	url = {http://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Roulin\%20A_1999.pdf},
	author = {Roulin, A.}
}
@article {2059,
	title = {Which chick is tasty to parasites? The importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Carnus hemapterus (3 diff. spellings) on Tyto alba and Falco tinnunculus in Switzerland
},
	pages = {75-81},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Brinkhof, M. W. G. and Bize, P. and Richner, H. and Jungi, T. W. and Bavoux, C. and Boileau, N. and Burneleau, G.}
}
@article {2060,
	title = {Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {90},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {703-718},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the role of origin-related, environmental, sex, and age factors on host defence mechanisms is important to understand variation in parasite intensity. Because alternative components of parasite defence may be differently sensitive to various factors, they may not necessarily covary. Many components should therefore be considered to tackle the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In a population of barn owls (Tyto alba), we investigated the role of origin-related, environmental (i.e. year, season, nest of rearing, and body condition), sex, and age factors on 12 traits linked to immune responses (humoral immune responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC), human serum albumin (HSA) and toxoid toxin TT, T-cell mediated immune response towards the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA)), susceptibility to ectoparasites (number and fecundity of Carnus haemapterus, number of Ixodes ricinus), and disease symptoms (size of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, proportion of proteins that are immunoglobulins, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Cross-fostering experiments allowed us to detect a heritable component of variation in only four out of nine immune and parasitic parameters (i.e. SRBC- and HSA-responses, haematocrit, and number of C. haemapterus). However, because nestlings were not always cross-fostered just after hatching, the finding that 44\% of the immune and parasitic parameters were heritable is probably an overestimation. These experiments also showed that five out of these nine parameters were sensitive to the nest environment (i.e. SRBC- and PHA-responses, number of C. haemapterus, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Female nestlings were more infested by the blood-sucking fly C. haemapterus than their male nestmates, and their blood was less concentrated in leucocytes. The effect of year, season, age (i.e. reflecting the degree of maturation of the immune system), brood size, position in the within-brood age hierarchy, and body mass strongly differed between the 12 parameters. Different components of host defence mechanisms are therefore not equally heritable and sensitive to environmental, sex, and age factors, potentially explaining why most of these components did not covary.
},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Christe, Philippe and Dijkstra, Cor and Ducrest, Anne-Lyse and Jungi, Thomas W.}
}
@article {2061,
	title = {Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba)},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {103-110},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus, Switzerland},
	author = {Roulin, A. and Riols, C. and Dijkstra, C. and Ducrest, A. L.}
}
