@article {10062,
	title = {Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): a checklist and bibliography},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1831},
	year = {2008},
	month = {30},
	pages = {1-530},
	abstract = {This work is a first attempt to integrate into one list and quantify all the known species of Hispaniolan arthropods. It includes all the terrestrial and surrounding marine arthropod species (plus those of Tardigrada and Onychophora) known to me to be reported for the island of Hispaniola until the end of 2007, as well as 158 species that are reported here as new records for the Dominican Republic and the island. A total of 8,237 valid species (6,833 extant and 1,404 fossils) are listed, of which the largest component are the insects (5,676 extant and 824 fossil species). Preliminarily, 2,521 arthropod species (36.9\%) are considered to be endemic or unique to Hispaniola. Also 84 species are recognized as introduced. The bibliography complements the taxonomic information and includes over 4,000 titles. Brief annotations are also given on the history of entomology in Hispaniola.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, catalog, Dominican Republic, Meoneura vieja, Milichiidae},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14409057166 },
	author = {Perez-Gelabert, Daniel E.}
}
@article {10061,
	title = {Fitness in common buzzards at the cross-point of opposite melanin-parasite interactions},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 10Export Date: 6 February 2012Source: ScopusCODEN: FECOELanguage of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Chakarov, N.; Polar and Bird Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; email: az.nayden@gmail.comReferences: Bijlsma, R.G., (1997) Handleiding Veldonderzoek Roofvogels., , KNNV Uitgeverij, Utrecht; Bize, P., Roulin, A., Tella, J.L., Richner, H., Female-biased mortality in experimentally parasitized Alpine Swift Apus melba nestlings (2005) Functional Ecology, 19, pp. 405-413; Blount, J.D., Houston, D.C., M{\o}ller, A.P., Wright, J., Do individual branches of immune defence correlate? a comparative case study of scavenging and non-scavenging birds (2003) Oikos, 102, pp. 340-350; Brommer, J.E., Meril{\"a}, J., Kokko, H., Reproductive timing and individual fitness (2002) Ecology Letters, 5, pp. 802-810; Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., (2002) Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, , 2nd edn. 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(2006) Acta Zoologica Sinica, 52, pp. 202-208; Morner, T., Wahlstrom, K., Infection by the blood parasite Leucocytozoon simondi: A common death cause among young of mute swan Cygnys olor (1983) Var Fagelvarld, 42, pp. 389-394; Newton, I., Sparrowhawk (1989) Lifetime Reproduction in Birds, pp. 279-296. , (ed. Newton I.), pp. Academic Press, London; Ots, I., Murum{\"a}gi, A., H{\~o}rak, P., Haematological health state indices of reproducing Great Tits: Methodology and sources of natural variation (1998) Functional Ecology, 12, pp. 700-707; P{\'e}rez-Tris, J., Hasselquist, D., Hellgren, O., Krizanauskiene, A., Waldenstr{\"o}m, J., Bensch, S., What are malaria parasites? (2005) Trends in Parasitology, 21, pp. 209-211; Perkins, S.L., Schall, J.J., A molecular phylogeny of malarial parasites recovered from cytochrome b gene sequences (2002) Journal of Parasitology, 88, pp. 972-978; Remple, J.D., Intracellular hematozoa of raptors: A review and update (2004) Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 18, pp. 75-88; Roulin, A., The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds (2004) Biological Reviews, 79, pp. 815-848; Roulin, A., Brinkhof, M.W.G., Bize, P., Richner, H., Jungi, T.W., Bavoux, C., Boileau, N., Burneleau, G., Which chick is tasty to parasites? the importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history (2003) Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, pp. 75-81; Roulin, A., Christe, P., Dijkstra, C., Ducrest, A.L., Jungi, T.W., Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl (2007) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90, pp. 703-718; Roulin, A., Riols, C., Dijkstra, C., Ducrest, A.L., Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba (2001) Behavioral Ecology, 12, pp. 103-110; Saino, N., Calza, S., M{\o}ller, A.P., Immunocompetence of nestling barn swallows in relation to brood size and parental effort (1997) Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, pp. 827-836; Scott, T.W., Edman, J.D., Effects of avian host age and arbovirus infection on mosquito attraction and blood-feeding success (1991) Bird-Parasite Interactions: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, pp. 179-204. , (eds. Loye J.E. Zuk M.), pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford; Sehgal, R.N.M., Hull, A.C., Anderson, N.L., Valkiunas, G., Markovets, M.J., Kawamura, S., Tell, L.A., Evidence for cryptic speciation of Leucocytozoon s pp. (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae) in diurnal raptors (2006) Journal of Parasitology, 92, pp. 375-379; Simon, A., Thomas, D.W., Blondel, J., Lambrechts, M.M., Perret, P., Within-brood distribution of ectoparasite attacks on nestling blue tits: A test of the tasty chick hypothesis using inulin as a tracer (2003) Oikos, 102, pp. 551-558; (2006) SPSS for Windows., , SPSS (. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; Sugumaran, H., Comparative biochemistry of eumelanogenesis and the protective roles of phenoloxidase and melanin in insects (2002) Pigment Cell Research, 15, pp. 2-9; Tom{\'a}s, G., Merino, S., Moreno, J., Morales, J., Mart{\'\i}nez-De La Puente, J., Impact of blood parasites on immunoglobulin level and parental effort: A medication field experiment on a wild passerine (2007) Functional Ecology, 21, pp. 125-133; True, J.R., Insect melanism: The molecules matter (2003) Trends in Ecology \& Evolution, 18, pp. 640-647; Valkiunas, G., (2005) Avian Malarial Parasites and Other Haemosporidia., , CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida; Van Naters, W.M.V., Den Otter, C.J., Amino acids as taste stimuli for tsetse flies (1998) Physiological Entomology, 23, pp. 278-284; Walter, G., Hudde, H., Carnus hemapterus (Milichiidae, Diptera), an ectoparasite of nestlings (1987) Journal f{\"u}r Ornithologie, 128, pp. 251-255; Westerdahl, H., Waldenstr{\"o}m, J., Hansson, B., Hasselquist, D., Von Schantz, T., Bensch, S., Associations between malaria and MHC genes in a migratory songbird (2005) Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 272, pp. 1511-1518; Westneat, D.F., Weiskittle, J., Edenfield, R., Kinnard, T.B., Poston, J.P., Correlates of cell-mediated immunity in nestling house sparrows (2004) Oecologia, 141, pp. 17-23; Wilson, K., Cotter, S.C., Reeson, A.F., Pell, J.K., Melanism and disease resistance in insects (2001) Ecology Letters, 4, pp. 637-649},
	pages = {1062-1069},
	abstract = {1. Melanin is one of the major pigments of vertebrates and has many suggested functions. Although it is supposed to have an antipathogenic effect, its relationship to infection with ecto- and endoparasites largely remains to be examined. 2. The common buzzard Buteo buteo occurs in three eumelanin morphs which differ in their lifetime reproductive success. We examined the distribution of the blood-sucking ectoparasite Carnus haemapterus and the blood parasite Leucocytozoon toddi among buzzard nestlings and related parasite infection to the morph of the host and its parents. We controlled the effect of melanin morph on parasites for the potentially confounding total leukocyte numbers, heterophil : lymphocyte ratio (H : L ratio), age, sex, hierarchical rank within the brood and annual food availability. 3. Blood parasite prevalence was lower in offspring of intermediately coloured males. This pattern was apparent during high and low food availability, and although this result did not remain under intermediate vole densities, it could contribute to observed fitness differences in male buzzards. In contrast, carnid fly score increased with darkness of the host plumage. However, among chicks infected with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon infection intensity decreased with plumage darkness. 4. The two parasite species may exert selection pressures in opposite directions on melanism of their host. Therefore, buzzards with intermediate amounts of melanin may prosper as they are sufficiently protected against endoparasites, but not too attractive for ectoparasites. Parasites could help explain the persistence of colour polymorphism in their buzzard host. {\textcopyright} 2008 The Authors.},
	keywords = {blood, Blood parasite, Buteo buteo, Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, color morph, ectoparasite, fitness, fly, food availability, heterozygosity, Heterozygote advantage, host-parasite interaction, Leucocytozoon, Leucocytozoon toddi, melanin, Melanism, morphology, Muridae, natural selection, nestling, Opposing selection on colouration, parasite prevalence, parasitic disease, polymorphism, raptor, reproductive success, Vertebrata},
	isbn = {02698463 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55349135199\&partnerID=40\&md5=fe6b1f0b8a5b17973705f54d18125d90},
	author = {Chakarov, N. and Boerner, M. and Kr{\"u}ger, O.}
}
@article {21834,
	title = {On the biology of <em>Calodromius bifasciatus</em> and related species in {\textquoteleft}De Kaaistoep{\textquoteright} (Coleoptera: Carabidae)},
	journal = {Entomologische Berichten},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {198-209},
	keywords = {Netherlands},
	author = {Felix, R. and Van Wielink, P.}
}
@article {9110,
	title = {Die acalyptraten Fliegen der Ostfriesischen Inseln (Diptera: Schizophora, "Acalyptratae")},
	journal = {Schriftenreihe Nationalpark Nieders{\"a}chsisches Wattenmeer},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {373-390},
	chapter = {373},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Germany, Madiza glabra, Meoneura bicuspidata, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura lacteipennis, Meoneura lamellata, Meoneura obscurella, Meoneura vagans, Milichiidae, Phyllomyza securicornis},
	author = {Tschirnhaus, M. von}
}
@article {9094,
	title = {A bird-parasitic fly, Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch (Diptera, Carnidae) in Japan: avian hosts, infestations, and a case of human dermatitis caused by adult},
	journal = {Medical Entomology and Zoology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {47-53},
	abstract = {A bird-parasitic fly, Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch was found from three avian hosts in Japan. A total of 42, 35, and 2 adults of C. hemapterus was collected from nestlings of Eurytomus orientalis (Linnaeus), Dendrocopus major (Linnaeus), and Corvus corone Linnaeus, respectively. Eurytomus orientalis is a new host for C. hemapterus. Almost all flies obtained were dealate, but one alate male and two alate females were found from D. major and E. orientalis, respectively. Two deformed-wing flies were collected from a new nest box of E. orientalis. In 51 females, abdomens of 48 flies were distended or slightly distended, and those of 3 flies were not distended. A case of human dermatitis caused by a male adult fly was also reported from a survey of nesting ecology of D. major.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Japan},
	isbn = {0424-7086},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14501002153 },
	author = {Iwasa, M. and Mori, Sayaka and Furuta, Osamu and Komatsu, Takashi and Iida, Tomohiko and Nakamori, Junya and Kataoka, Nobuhiko}
}
@article {9077,
	title = {The types of Diptera (Insecta) described by Pater Gabriel Strobl},
	journal = {Studia dipterologica. Supplement},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2008},
	month = {[2008.12.22]},
	pages = {1-281},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Hemeromyia remotinervis, Leptometopa niveipennis, Meoneura geniculata, Milichia albomaculata, Milichiidae, types},
	isbn = {1433-4968},
	author = {Chv{\'a}la, M.}
}
@article {8815,
	title = {Three new species of Carnidae and Piophilidae (Diptera) from Turkey and Russia},
	journal = {Russian Entomological Journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {491-493},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Descriptions of three new species of flies are given: Meoneura pamphylica sp.n. (fam. Carnidae) and Protopiophila vikhrevi sp.n. (fam. Piophilidae) from Turkey, and Protopiophila caucasica sp.n. from Russia.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Meoneura pamphylica, species description, Turkey},
	isbn = {0132-8069},
	author = {Ozerov, A. L.}
}
@article {8811,
	title = {Die artenarmen Familien der acalyptraten Zweifluegler in Niedersachsen und Bremen (Diptera: Acalyptratae). [The species-poor families of the acalyptrate flies in Lower Saxony and Bremen (Diptera: Acalyptratae).]},
	journal = {Drosera},
	volume = {2008},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Die artenarmen Familien der acalyptraten Zweifluegler in Niedersachsen und Bremen (Diptera: Acalyptratae).},
	pages = {77-106},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {New records of 71 species of species poor Acalyptratae families are listed from Lower Saxony and Bremen. 32 species are reported for this area the first time. Anthomyza anderssoni Rohacek, 1984 and Geomyza hackmani NARTSHUK, 1984 are new for Germany. Bibliographic references for Lower Saxony and Bremen have been compiled. A total of 83 species of the families are now known to occur in Lower Saxony and Bremen (Acartophthalmidae: 2; Anthomyzidae: 13; Asteiidae: 3; Aulacigastridae: 1; Braulidae: 1; Camillidae: 3; Campichoetidae: 2; Canacidae: 9; Carnidae: 6; Chyromyidae: 5; Clusiidae: 8; Diastatidae: 6; Milichiidae: 6; Odiniidae: 1; Opomyzidae: 11; Periscelididae: 1; Pseudopomyzidae: 1; Stenomicridae: 1; Trixoscelididae: 3).},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, Desmometopa sordida, Germany, Leptometopa latipes, Madiza glabra, Meoneura bicuspidata, Meoneura flavifacies, Meoneura freta, Meoneura lacteipennis, Meoneura lamellata, Meoneura obscurella, Meoneura vagans, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza acyglossa, Phyllomyza flavitarsis, Phyllomyza securicornis},
	isbn = {0341-406X},
	url = {http://www.schwebfliegen.de/sonderdrucke/stuke/Stuke\%2077-106.pdf},
	author = {Stuke, Jens-Hermann}
}
@article {8812,
	title = {Pre-hatching maternal effects and the tasty chick hypothesis},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {463-473},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Question: Are maternal effects (i.e. maternal transfer of immune components to their offspring via the placenta or the egg) specifically directed to the offspring on which ectoparasites predictably aggregate? Organisms: The barn owl (Tyto alba) because late-hatched offspring are the main target of the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus. Hypothesis: Pre-hatching maternal effects enhance parasite resistance of late- compared with early-hatched nestlings. Search method: To disentangle the effect of natal from rearing ranks on parasite intensity, we exchanged hatchlings between nests to allocate early- and late-hatched hatchlings randomly in the within-brood age hierarchy. Result: After controlling for rearing ranks, cross-fostered late-hatched nestlings were less parasitized but lighter than cross-fostered early-hatched nestlings. Conclusion: Pre-hatching maternal effects increase parasite resistance of late-hatched offspring at a growth cost.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, on Tyto alba},
	isbn = {1522-0613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410057877 },
	author = {Roulin, A. and Gasparini, Julien and Froissart, Lucie}
}
@article {8813,
	title = {Four new acalyptrate dipterous species from Spain (Diptera: Camillidae, Carnidae and Sciomyzidae)},
	journal = {Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {125-130},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Four new species of acalyptrate Diptera, namely Camilla keynodontia sp. n. (Camillidae), Meoneura sublongisetosa sp. n., Meoneura tschorsnigi sp. n. (Carnidae) and Colobaea acuticerca sp. n. (Sciomyzidae), are described from Spain.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Meoneura sublongisetosa, Meoneura tschorsnigi, original species description, Spain},
	isbn = {1579-0681},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14504027439 },
	author = {Carles-Tolr{\'a}, M.}
}
@article {8814,
	title = {Synchronization of host-parasite cycles by means of diapause: host influence and parasite response to involuntary host shifting},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {11},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1343-1352},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Many parasites require synchronization of their infective phases with the appearance of susceptible host individuals and, for many species, diapause is one of the mechanisms contributing to such coincidence. A variety of ecological factors, like changes in host temperature produced by involuntary host shifting (Substitution of the usual host by an infrequent one), can modify host-parasite synchronization of diapausing ectoparasites of endothermic species. To understand the influence of host shifting on the mechanisms of parasite synchronization, we conducted experiments using the system formed by the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus and its avian hosts. We simulated the occurrence of the usual host and natural cases of host shifting by exposing overwintering carnid Pupae from Bee-eater nests (Merops apiaster) to the earlier incubation periods of two Carnus host species that frequently reoccupy Bee-eater nests. Pupae exposed to host shifting treatments advanced the mean date of emergence and produced an earlier and faster rate of emergence in comparison with Pupae exposed both to the control (absence of any host) and Bee-eater treatments. The effect was more evident for the treatment resembling the host with the most dissimilar phenology to the one of the usual host. Our results show that host temperature is an environmental cue used by this nest-dwelling haematophagous ectoparasite and reveal that Carnus hemapterus has some potential to react to involuntary host shifting by means of plasticity in the termination of diapause.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus hemapterus, on Merops apiaster, Spain},
	isbn = {0031-1820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14503013830 },
	author = {Calero-Torralbo, M. A. and Valera, F.}
}
@article {6854,
	title = {Two new species of the Melaloncha ungulata group of bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)},
	journal = {Sociobiology},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {491-496},
	abstract = {Two new species of Neotropical Melaloncha Brues, belonging to the M. ungulata group, are described: M. annicae from Costa Rica and M. browni from Argentina.},
	isbn = {0361-6525},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14411066928 },
	author = {Kung, Giar-Ann}
}
@article {6855,
	title = {Utility of DNA sequences for inferring phylogenetic relationships and associating morphologically dissimilar males and females of the bee-killing flies, genus Melaloncha (Diptera: Phoridae)},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {101},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {July},
	pages = {713-721},
	abstract = {The bee-killing flies, genus Melaloncha, are parasitoids of bees of the family Apidae, including stingless bees, humble bees, and the western honey bee, Apis mellifera L. With >160 described species, Melaloncha is among the largest genera in the family Phoridae. Most species are known only front females as the males typically show too few differences to be useful in characterizing species. The monophyly of Melaloncha and its two subgenera (Udamochiras and Melaloncha s.s.) is strongly supported by morphological characters, but the phylogenetic relationships among the various species and species groups are not well understood. Here, we report on a preliminary molecular phylogenetic study of 30 exemplar Melaloncha species representing both subgenera and seven species groups by using a combination of nuclear (28S and CAD) and mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1 and CO1) genes for a total of 3,306 bp. Maximum parsimony analysis suggested the following relationships: 1) Melaloncha is monophyletic, 2) the subgenus M. (Udamochiras) is monophyletic and is a sister-group to AT (Melaloncha), and 3) each of the species groups for which we had multiple species were monophyletic with the M. furcata-group being the sister-group to all other Group II taxa. These results support hypotheses of relationships based on morphological characters. The utility of the molecular data for associating morphologically dissimilar males and females is discussed.},
	isbn = {0013-8746},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410061227 },
	author = {Smith, Paul T. and Brown, Brian V.}
}
@article {6401,
	title = {Natural history of the scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris.},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {39{\textendash}60},
	author = {Disney, R. H. L.}
}
@article {3599,
	title = {Ectoparasite load is linked to ontogeny and cell-mediated immunity in an avian host system with pronounced hatching asynchrony},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {94},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {July},
	pages = {463-473},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Several contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to account for host age-biased parasite distribution, with some of them suggesting a key role of ectoparasites in the evolution and maintenance of weight hierarchies within broods. We examined parasite distribution among individual hosts across the whole period of host exposure to the parasite in a host system that shows distinct within-brood differences in age and age-related mortality. By contrast to previous hypotheses, we found that the abundance of a haematophagous, mobile ectoparasite Carnus haemapterus on nestling European rollers (Coracias garrulus) was highest approximately during the mid-nestling stage of their host, coinciding with the inflection point of the host growth phase. Parasite load increased neither with absolute resource availability (i.e. body size), nor body condition index. By contrast to previous evidence, higher parasite load under natural conditions was associated with a stronger cell-mediated immune response. However, this association was moderated by low parasite densities, as well as a better brood body condition index. Overall, although we revealed remarkable host ontogenetic effects on parasite distribution, the present study suggests that a highly mobile ectoparasite generally prefers healthier hosts. We propose that, in host systems with a marked asynchrony of hatching and background mortality within the brood, parasites favour persistence rather than nutritional attractiveness of the host. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.
},
	keywords = {Carnus hemapterus, Europe},
	isbn = {0024-4066},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14409054805 },
	author = {Vaclav, Radovan and Calero-Torralbo, Miguel A. and Valera, F.}
}
@article {3601,
	title = {To the knowledge of Diptera (Insecta) - Parasites of birds},
	journal = {Zoologicheskii Zhurnal},
	volume = {87},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {January},
	pages = {124-125},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The data on the species composition and biology of Diptera - parasites of I I species of birds, including Passer montanus, Passer domesticus, Parus coeruleus, Parus major, Corvux frugilegus, Corvus cornix, Sturnus vulgaris, Emberiza citronella, Jynx torquilla, Anthus trivialis, and Crex crex. The results on biology of Protocalliphora azurea, Carnus hemapterus, Coboldia fuscipes, and Ornithomyia avicularia are discussed.
},
	keywords = {Diseases and disorders; Land zones; Palaearctic region; Eurasia; Europe},
	isbn = {0044-5134},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14407039367 },
	author = {Matyukhin, A. V. and Krivosheina, M. G.}
}
@book {3016,
	title = {Drosophilidae (Diptera)},
	series = {World Catalogue of Insects},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1-412},
	author = {Brake, I. and B{\"a}chli, G.}
}
@article {2653,
	title = {Possible functions of alternative nests in raptors: the case of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	volume = {149},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {253-259},
	abstract = {Four non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the alternative nest-building behaviour of raptors: (1) nests as an advertising signal in territories, (2) frustration nests, (3) competition avoidance by nest-site and (4) reduction of nest ectoparasites. We report here data collected during an observational study of a population of Bonelli{\textquoteright}s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in southeastern Spain. Our data does not support the first two hypotheses based on the closeness of nests within territories, the lack of correlation between the number of nests and the distance to neighbours and the construction of secondary nests at similar frequencies after breeding failures as after successes. In contrast, the construction of alternative nests to avoid competition with other cliff-nesting raptor species breeding nearby was clearly important since 30\% of the pairs obtained some direct benefit from the existence of alternative nests within their territories. We also found abundant Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Diptera (Carnidae, Calliphoridae and Phoridae) as ectoparasites in nests, and the alternative use of nests, synergetically with the presence of greenery as mechanisms for avoiding ectoparasites, was an important factor for the breeding success of the eagle. Our data suggest that competition avoidance and, in particular, the reduction of nest ectoparasite hypotheses are the more plausible explanations for the maintenance of alternative nests in raptors.},
	keywords = {Carnidae, Carnus, Carnus hemapterus},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-007-0268-4},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254237400014 },
	author = {Ontiveros, D. and Caro, J. and Pleguezuelos, J. M.}
}
