R. H.  Foote and Steyskal, G. C., ?Chapter 66. Tephritidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 817-831.

R. H.  Foote and Freidberg, A., ?The taxonomy and nomenclature of some palaearctic Tephritidae (Diptera)?, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 70, pp. 29-34, 1980.

C. W.  Sabrosky, ?Family Milichiidae?, in A catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, A. R.  Stone, Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., and Coulson, J. R., Eds. Washington: , 1965, pp. 728-733.