M. E.  Irwin and Lyneborg, L., ?The genera of Nearctic Therevidae?, Illinois Natural History Bulletin (1980), vol. 32, pp. 193?277, 1981.

M. E.  Irwin and Lyneborg, L., ?Chapter 37. Therevidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 513-523.