L. V.  Knutson, ?Chapter 84. Sciomyzidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 927-940.