G. M. J.  Giles, A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae together with descriptions of all species noticed up to the present date, 2ndnd ed. London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1902, p. xi + [i] + 530.

F. A. A.  Skuse, ?Diptera of Australia. Part VI. The Chironomidae?, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. (2)4, pp. 215?311, 1889.

D. R.  Oliver, ?Chapter 29. Chironomidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 423-458.

J. A.  Downes and Wirth, W. W., ?Chapter 28. Ceratopogonidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 393-421.

B. V.  Peterson, ?Chapter 27. Simuliidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 355-391.

A.  Stone and Peterson, B. V., ?Chapter 26. Thaumaleidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 351-353.

A.  Stone, ?Chapter 25. Culicidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 341-350.

E. F.  Cook, ?Chapter 24. Chaoboridae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 335-339.

T. M.  Peters, ?Chapter 23. Dixidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 329-333.